^a.'rn. 

J.nrs'lrer: 


OTorlb  ^|eace  Jfouniiation 

$ampl)letg 

Vol.  VII  1924  No,  1 


AMERICAN  COOPERATION 
WITH  THE 

LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS 


By  MANLEY  O.JTODSON 

Bemis  Professor  of  International  Law, 
Harvard  Law  School 


Published  by 

WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 

40  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston 
Price,  5 cents  per  copy 


'!>  I 


World  Prarr  J^oundatton 

Safiton. 

’FOUNDED  IN  1910  BY  EDWIN  GINN 


TTie  corporation  is  constituted  for  the  purpose  of  educating  the  people 
of  all  nations  to  a full  knowledge  of  the  waste  euid  destructiveness  of  war, 
its  evil  effects  on  present  social  conditions  and  on  the  well-being  of  future 
generations,  cind  to  promote  international  justice  and  the  brotherhood 
of  man;  iind,  generally,  by  every  practical  means  to  promote  peace 
and  good  will  among  all  mankind. — By-laws  of  the  Corporation. 

It  is  to  this  patient  and  thorough  work  of  education,  through  the  school, 
the  college,  the  church,  the  press,  the  pamphlet  emd  the  book,  that  the 
World  Peace  Foundation  addresses  itself. — Edwin  Ginn. 

The  idea  of  force  can  not  at  once  be  eradicated.  It  is  useless  to  believe 
that  the  nations  can  be  persuaded  to  disband  their  present  armies  and 
dismantle  their  present  navies,  trusting  in  each  other  or  in  the  Hague 
Tribunal  to  settle  any  possible  differences  between  them,  unless,  first, 
some  substitute  for  the  existing  forces  is  provided  and  demonstrated 
by  experience  to  be  adequate  to  protect  the  rights,  dignity  and  territory 
of  the  respective  nations.  My  own  belief  is  that  the  idea  which  underlies 
the  movement  for  the  Hague  Court  can  be  developed  so  that  the  nations 
can  be  persuaded  each  to  contribute  a small  percentage  of  their  military 
forces  at  sea  and  on  land  to  form  an  International  Guard  or  Police  Force. — 
Edwin  Ginn. 


■*  Incorpora  led  under  the  laws  of  Massachusetts,  July  12, 1910,  as  the  International  School 
of  Peace.  Name  changed  to  World  Peace  Foundation,  December  22,  1910. 


LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS 

Published  Bimonthly  by 

WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 

40  MT.  VERNON  STREET,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

The  subscription  price  is  25c.  per  year  in  advance. 

Prices  in  quantities  on  application. 


General  Secretary,  Edward  Cummings. 
Corresponding  Secretary,  and  Librarian,  Denys  P.  Myers. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

List  of  Americans  Mentioned 4 

American  Cooperation  with  the  League  of  Nations 7 

1.  Organization  of  the  League 8 

2.  International  Court  8 

3.  Secretariat  of  the  League 9 

4.  International  Labor  Conference 11 

5.  International  Labor  Office 11 

6.  Aaland  Islands  Dispute 12 

7.  Upper  Silesia 12 

8.  Memel  Dispute 12 

9.  Brussels  Financial  Conference 12 

10.  Financial  Reconstruction  of  Austria  13 

11.  Financial  Reconstruction  of  Hungary 13 

12.  Financial  Committee 13 

13.  Economic  Committee 13 

14.  Registration  of  Treaties 14 

15.  International  Hydrographic  Bureau  14 

16.  Traffic  in  Arms  14 

17.  Chemical  Warfare 14 

18.  Transit  and  Communications 15 

19.  Calendar  Reform 15 

20.  Customs  Formalities 15 

21.  Obscene  Publications 15 

22.  Intellectual  Cooperation  16 

23.  Conference  on  Legal  Aid 16 

24.  Traffic  in  Opium  and  Dangerous  Drugs 17 

25.  Traffic  in  Women  18 

26.  Deportation  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  Near  East 19 

27.  Russian  Refugees  19 

28.  Greek  Refugees 19 

29.  Emigration 20 

30.  Health 20 

31.  Conference  on  Sera  and  Serological  Tests 22 

32.  Conference  on  Standardization  of  Biological  Remedies  23 

33.  Anthrax  Committee 23 

34.  Industrial  Hygiene 23 

35.  Mandates 23 

36.  Expenses  of  the  League  and  the  International  Court 24 

37.  Publications  of  the  League,  the  International  Court  and  the  Inter- 

national Labor  Office 25 


LIST  OF  AMERICANS  IVIENTIONED 


PAGE 

Abbott,  Grace 11,  18 

Abel,  John  J 23 

Andrews,  Dr.  John  B 11 

Armstrong,  Dr.  C 23 

Bacher,  Edward  L 15 

Bache-Wiig,  Ruth 10 

Baker,  Dr.  Josephine  ....  21 

Bartlett,  Alice  C 10 

Beer,  George  Louis 10 

Blue,  Dr.  Rupert  ...  17,  20,  22 

Booth,  Willis  H 15 

Boyden,  Roland  W.  . . . 12, 13 

Brent,  Bishop  Charles  H.  . . 17 

Bristol,  Admiral  Mark  L.  . . 19 

Bullard,  Arthur 12 

Cannon,  Dr.  Walter  B.  . . 14 

Carolan,  Edgar  15 

Chalmers,  Henry 15 

Colby,  Bainbridge 23 

Coleman,  Dr.  Algernon  ...  16 

Coolidge,  Calvin 9 

Crawford,  Ruth 20 

Crissey,  C.  1 12 

Croxton,  Fred  C 20 

Cumming,  Dr.  Hugh  S.  . . 21 

Cushman,  Emma  D 19 

Davis,  Major  C.  Claflin  ...  19 

Davis,  Horace  A 12 

Davis,  Norman  H 12 

Dolbeare,  Fred  C 19 

Dorset,  Dr.  Marion 23 

Duffield,  Thomas  J 10 

DuPuy,  William  A 11 

Dyer,  Dr.  R.  E 23 

Eichel,  Dr.  Otto 10 

Elkus,  Abram  1 12 

Elwood,  Miss  R 11 


PAGE 

Feis,  Herbert 12 

Flexner,  Dr.  Abraham  ...  19 

Forbes,  W.  Cameron  ....  24 

Fosdick,  Raymond  B 9 

Furuseth,  Andrew 11 

Gibbs,  Milo  J 11 

Gilchrist,  Huntington  ....  10 

Gompers,  Samuel  M 11 

Gray,  George 8 

Gray,  Louis  H 10 

Green,  John  Raeburn  ....  10 

Greenwood,  Ernest  H.  ...  11 

Grew,  Joseph  C 14 

Gunn,  Selskar  M 21 

Hale,  George  Ellery  ....  16 

Hamilton,  Dr.  Alice  . . . 21,  23 

Harding,  Warren  G 7,  9 

Harding,  W.  P.  G 13 

Haskell,  Lewis  W' 15 

Hess,  Col.  R.  H 12 

Hirsch,  Gilbert 15 

House,  Col.  Edward  M.  ...  8 

Hudson,  Manley  O.  . . 10,  11,  16 

Hughes,  Charles  E 9,  18 

Huston,  Howard 10 

James,  Eldon  R 8 

Jay,  N.  J 13 

Johnson,  Major  Bascom  ...  19 

Keller,  Helen  R 10 

Leland,  Dr.  Waldo  G 16 

Logan,  Col.  James  A 19 

Magnusson,  Leifur 11 

Magruder,  Alexander  R.  . . 15 

Mahany,  Rowland  B 20 

McCoy,  Dr.  George  W.  ...  22 

McLeod.  Keith  12 

Meeker,  Dr.  Royal  . . . 11,  13 


PAGE  PAGE 

Miles,  Basil 15  Straus,  Oscar  S 8 

Miller,  David  Hunter  ....  l!2  Strong,  Dr.  Richard  P.  . . . 21 

Millikan,  Robert  A 16  Sweetser,  Arthur 10, 11 

Moore,  Judge  John  Bassett  . 8,24  Sydenstricker,  Edgar  ....  10 

Moorhead,  Mrs.  John  J.  . . 18  Terhune,  Everit  B 15 

Morgenthau,  Henry  ....  20  Tod,  Robert 20 

Neville,  Edwin  L 17,  18  Voegtlin,  Dr.  Carl 23 

Niblack,  Admiral  Albert  P.  . 14  Wadsworth,  Dr 23 

Perigord,  Paul 16  Wait,  C.  B 15 

Porter,  Stephen  G 17,  18  Wambaugh,  Sarah 10 

Pound,  Roscoe 8 Welch,  Dr.  William  H.  . . 14,  21 

Ringland,  Mr.  A.  C 19  Wiehl,  Dorothy 10 

Root,  Elihu 8 Wigmore,  Col.  John  H.  . . . 16 

Schramm,  Prof.  J.  R 16  Wilson,  Florence 10,  16 

Scott,  Dr.  James  Brown  ...  8 Wilson,  William  B 11 

Seligman,  Edwin  R.  A.  . . . 13  Wilson,  Woodrow  . . . 8,  11,  24 

Sells,  Dorothy  M 12  Winslow,  Capt.  Alan  ....  14 

Shaw,  Thomas 12  Winslow,  Dr.  C.-E.  A.  ...  21 

Shepardson,  Whitney  H.  10  Worley,  H.  1 15 

Shotwell,  James  T 11  Wright,  Mrs.  Hamilton  ...  17 

Smith,  Dr.  Howard  F.  ...  22  A^oung,  Allyn  A 16 

Smith,  Jeremiah,  Jr 13  Zanetti,  Dr.  J.  E 14 

Smith,  Reginald  Heber  ...  17  Zinsser,  Dr.  Hans 22 

Snow,  Col.  William  F.  ...  19 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/americancooperatOOhuds 


AMERICAN  COOPERATION  WITH  THE  LEAGUE  OF 

NATIONS! 


By  Manley  O.  Hudson 

BEMIS  PROFESSOK  OF  INTERNATIONAL  L.\.W 
HARVARD  LAW  SCHOOL 

The  United  States  has  not  “joined”  the  League  of  Nations. 
At  any  rate  it  is  clear  that  the  American  Government  has  not 
become  a party  to  the  Covenant.  But  it  is  not  so  clear  that 
America  is  wholly  out  of  the  League.  With  fifty-four  peoples 
of  the  world  cooperating  to  deal  with  the  world’s  common  affairs, 
it  would  be  indeed  strange  if  America  had  no  part.  President 
Harding  voiced  this  when  he  wrote  to  Bishop  Gailor,  in  1923, 
“I  do  not  believe  any  man  can  confront  the  responsibility  of  a 
President  of  the  United  States  and  yet  adhere  to  the  idea  that 
it  is  possible  for  our  country  to  maintain  an  attitude  of  isolation 
and  aloofness  in  the  world.” 

The  truth  is,  that  in  spite  of  our  efforts,  in  spite  of  our  Govern- 
ment’s attitude,  in  spite  of  the  fulminations  in  the  Senate,  the 
United  States  has  not  seceded  from  the  organized  world.  It  has 
not  kept  out  of  the  activities  of  the  League  of  Nations.  Individual 
Americans  first  became  engaged;  then  American  philanthropic 
organizations;  and  then  the  Government.  The  result  is  that 
many  of  the  League’s  activities  are  today  manned  from  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic. 

The  whole  story  needs  to  be  told.  Part  of  the  record  may  be 
found  in  the  Manchester  Guardian  Weekly,  of  February  29,  1924. 
When  the  Council  of  the  League  held  its  twenty-eighth  session 
in  Geneva,  in  March,  1924,  some  Americans  were  probably  sur- 
prised to  read  the  New  York  Times  despatches  of  March  10  and 
March  23,  about  the  prominent  role  of  Americans  in  the  current 
work  of  the  Council.  But  the  cooperation  extends  through  the 
1 Reprinted  with  slight  additions  from  the  New  York  Times  of  April  6,  1924. 


8 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


whole  period  since  the  Covenant  was  promulgated  as  a part  of 
the  treaties  of  peace. 

1.  Organization  of  the  League.  The  formal  beginning  of  the 
League’s  work  dates  from  the  coming  into  force  of  the  Covenant 
on  January  10,  1920.  It  was  at  the  call  of  President  Wilson 
that  the  Council  held  its  first  session  a week  later.  Colonel  Edward 
M.  House,  of  Austin,  Texas,  had  represented  the  United  States  dur- 
ing 1919  as  a member  of  the  organizing  committee  which  made  the 
plan  for  launching  the  machinery.  During  1920,  a serious  question 
was  raised  as  to  moving  the  headquarters  of  the  League  to  Geneva, 
but  President  Wilson’s  firmness  in  calling  the  first  Assembly  to 
meet  at  Geneva  on  November  15,  1920,  put  an  end  to  the  un- 
certainty. 

2.  International  Court.  The  first  task  undertaken  by  the 
Council  of  the  League  was  to  set  up  a Commission  of  Jurists  to 
draft  the  Statute  for  the  Permanent  Court  of  International 
Justice.  Mr.  Elihu  Root,  of  New  York,  formerly  Secretary  of 
State,  accepted  an  invitation  to  be  a member  of  this  Committee, 
and  on  arriving  at  The  Hague  in  June,  1920,  he  became  one  of 
the  leaders  in  its  work.  He  was  assisted  by  Dr.  James  Brown 
Scott,  of  Washington,  Director  of  the  Division  of  International 
Law  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  When 
the  first  judges  of  the  Court  were  elected  in  September,  1921, 
the  names  of  four  Americans  were  on  the  list  of  nominees  eligible 
to  election:  Prof.  John  Bassett  Moore,  of  Columbia  University, 
nominated  by  the  Italian  group  in  the  Permanent  Court  of 
Arbitration;  Dean  Roscoe  Pound,  of  the  Harvard  Law  School, 
nominated  by  the  Siamese  group;  Mr.  Elihu  Root,  nominated 
by  the  Bolivian,  Brazilian,  French,  Uruguayan  and  Venezuelan 
groups;  and  Dr.  James  Brown  Scott,  nominated  by  the  Haitian 
group.  Mr.  Root  declined  to  accept  if  elected,  and  Professor 
Moore  was  elected  and  at  once  accepted.  As  a judge  of  the  Court 
Professor  Moore  has  been  present  at  four  of  the  five  sessions  held 
during  1922  and  1923.  One  of  the  Siamese  group  which  nominated 
Dean  Pound  was  an  American,  Mr.  Eldon  R.  James,  of  Cincinnati. 
The  American  group  in  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration — 
Messrs.  George  Gray,  John  Bassett  Moore,  Elihu  Root  and 
Oscar  S.  Straus — were  invited  in  June,  1921,  to  make  nominations 
as  provided  by  the  Statute  of  the  Court.  The  invitation  got 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


9 


lost  in  the  Department  of  State  in  Washington  and  did  not  reach 
its  destination  until  August,  1921,  when  the  American  group 
refused  to  make  a nomination  on  the  ground  of  lack  of  power; 
but  in  the  by-election  in  1923,  these  same  Americans  acting 
under  the  same  authority  nominated  the  successful  candidate. 
Judge  Pessoa  of  Brazil. 

On  February  24,  1923,  President  Harding  asked  the  Senate’s 
advice  and  consent  for  the  United  States  to  become  a party  to 
the  protocol  of  signature  of  the  Permanent  Court  of  International 
Justice,  on  conditions  and  understandings  formulated  by  Secre- 
tary Hughes  in  his  letter  of  February  17,  1923.  This  proposal 
was  approved  by  President  Coolidge,  in  his  annual  message  of 
December  6,  1923,  and  commended  to  the  Senate’s  “favorable 
consideration.’’  Public  hearings  were  held  by  a sub-committee 
of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  on  April  30  and  May  1, 


1924. 


Although  the  Senate  has  not  yet  given  its  advice  and  consent, 
the  United  States  has  found  it  necessary,  in  renewing  various 
arbitration  treaties,  to  agree  that  if  the  Senate  does  eventually 
act  favorably,  the  United  States  will  consider  a modification 
of  the  arbitration  treaties,  providing  for  the  reference  of  disputes 
to  the  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice.  This  agreement 
has  now  been  made  with  the  following  countries: 

Great  Britain June  23,  1923 


France 
Japan  . 
Portugal 
Norway 


July  19,  1923 


August  23,  1923 
September  5,  1923 
November  26,  1923 


3.  Secretariat  of  the  League.  Ever  since  its  organization  in 
the  summer  of  1919,  the  Secretariat  of  the  League  has  included 
Americans  among  its  members.  Like  all  other  members  of  the 
Secretariat,  these  Americans  act  in  their  individual  capacities 
and  do  not  represent  their  government.  They  are  part  of  an 
international  civil  service,  serving  the  common  interests  of  the 
fifty-four  peoples  that  maintain  the  League. 

Mr.  Raymond  B.  Fosdick,  of  New  Jersey,  became  Under- 
secretary General  in  the  provisional  Secretariat  organized  in 
1919,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  February,  1920.  He  was 


10 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


assisted  during  this  period  by  Mr.  Whitney  H.  Shepardson,  of 
New  York. 

Mr.  George  Louis  Beer,  of  New  York,  who  had  done  very 
notable  work  at  the  Peace  Conference  as  the  American  expert  on 
African  questions,  joined  the  Secretariat  as  director  of  the  Man- 
dates Section,  in  which  Prof.  Louis  H.  Gray,  of  the  University 
of  Nebraska,  was  appointed  to  assist  him.  But  Mr.  Beer’s  death 
prevented  his  assuming  active  charge  of  the  Mandates  Section, 
and  his  mantle  fell  on  a Swiss  who  had  formerly  been  professor 
of  Economics  at  Harvard,  Mr.  William  E.  Rappard. 

Mr.  Arthur  Sweetser,  of  Washington,  D.C.,  who  had  been 
assistant  director  of  the  Press  Bureau  of  the  American  Com- 
mission to  Negotiate  Peace,  in  Paris,  joined  the  Secretariat  in 
1919,  as  assistant  director  of  the  Information  Section.  For  five 
years,  his  services  in  that  capacity  have  been  invaluable  to  the 
League.  In  1919,  Mr.  Manley  O.  Hudson,  of  Missouri,  who  also 
had  been  associated  with  the  American  Commission  to  Negotiate 
Peace,  in  Paris,  became  a member  of  the  Legal  Section  of  the 
Secretariat,  serving  until  1921  and  during  the  summers  of  1922 
and  1923. 

In  1919,  Mr.  Huntington  Gilchrist,  of  Auburn,  New  York, 
who  had  been  a captain  in  the  A.E.F.,  became  a member  of  the 
Administrative  Commissions  Section  in  which  he  has  since  had 
charge  of  matters  relating  to  the  Saar  and  Danzig.  Mr.  Howard 
Huston,  of  North  Dakota,  who  had  been  a captain  on  General 
Pershing’s  staff,  became  establishment  officer,  in  1919,  and  still 
acts  in  that  capacity.  Miss  Florence  Wilson,  of  New  York, 
who  had  been  librarian  in  Paris  for  the  American  Commission 
to  Negotiate  Peace,  became  the  librarian  who  has  since  organized 
the  League’s  library.  She  has  been  assisted  by  Miss  Alice  C. 
Bartlett  and  Miss  Helen  R.  Keller,  of  New  York,  and  Miss  Ruth 
Bache-Wiig,  of  Maine. 

Miss  Sarah  Wambaugh,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  was  a temporary 
member  of  the  Administrative  Commissions  section  in  1920. 
Mr.  John  Raeburn  Green,  of  St.  Louis,  was  for  one  year  a tem- 
porary member  of  the  Legal  Section.  Mr.  Edgar  Sydenstricker, 
of  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Dr.  Otto  Eichel,  of 
the  New  York  State  Health  Service,  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Duffield, 
of  New  Jersey,  and  Miss  Dorothy  Wiehl  hold  temporary  appoint- 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


11 


ments  in  the  Health  Section  of  the  Secretariat.  Americans 
serving  with  the  Secretariat  in  other  capacities  have  been  Mr. 
Milo  J.  Gibbs,  of  Chicago,  and  Miss  R.  Elwood,  of  Minneapolis. 

4.  International  Labor  Conference.  The  first  session  of  the 
International  Labor  Conference  was  held  in  Washington,  in 
1919.  The  organizing  Committee  which  planned  it  included 
Mr.  Samuel  M.  Gompers,  President  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor,  Prof.  James  T.  Shotwell  of  Columbia  University,  and 
Dr.  John  B.  Andrews,  Secretary  of  the  American  Association  for 
Labor  Legislation.  The  Conference  was  summoned  to  meet  in 
Washington  by  President  Wilson,  and  a member  of  his  cabinet, 
Mr.  William  B.  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Labor,  presided  over  the 
session.  Mr.  Gompers  participated  in  the  Conference  as  a spokes- 
man for  American  labor  but  not  as  an  official  delegate.  Mr. 
Ernest  H.  Greenwood,  of  Washington,  was  deputy  Secretary- 
General  of  the  Conference,  Mr.  Manley  O.  Hudson,  legal  adviser, 
and  Mr.  Arthur  Sweetser,  director  of  the  press  bureau.  Mr. 
Hudson  was  also  a member  of  the  Drafting  Committee. 

Several  Americans  served,  also,  as  secretaries  of  the  committees 
of  the  Conference:  Dr.  John  B.  Andrews,  of  New  York,  as  secretary 
of  the  Committee  on  unhealthy  processes;  and  Miss  Grace  Abbott, 
of  Chicago,  as  secretary  of  the  committee  on  employment  of 
children. 

There  has  been  no  official  representation  of  the  United  States 
at  the  four  sessions  of  the  Labor  Conference  since  1919,  though 
at  one  time  it  was  reported  that  the  United  States  Chamber  of 
Commerce  was  to  send  an  employers’  delegate  and  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  a workers’  delegate.  Mr.  Andrew  Furuseth, 
of  San  Francisco,  president  of  the  International  Seamen’s  Union 
of  America,  attended  the  second  session  in  Genoa  in  1920,  and 
Mr.  Manley  O.  Hudson  was  there  as  legal  adviser. 

5.  International  Labor  Office.  From  1920  to  1923,  Dr.  Royal 
Meeker,  of  Washington,  formerly  Commissioner  of  Labor  Sta- 
tistics, was  the  chief  of  the  Scientific  Division  of  the  International 
Labor  Office.  Mr.  Ernest  H.  Greenwood,  of  Washington,  became 
American  Correspondent  of  the  Office  in  1920,  and  continued  in 
that  capacity  until  1924,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Leifur 
Magnusson,  who  had  formerly  been  in  the  office  in  Geneva  as  a 
chief  of  section.  Mr.  William  A.  DuPuy,  of  Washington,  Mr. 


12 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


C.  I.  Crissey,  of  Michigan,  Mr.  Horace  A.  Davis,  of  Boston,  and 
Prof.  Herbert  Feis,  of  the  University  of  Kansas,  have  also  been 
connected  with  the  Office  in  Geneva.  In  1923,  Miss  Dorothy 
M.  Sells,  formerly  special  agent  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 
prepared  a special  report  for  the  OflBce  on  the  British  Trade 
Boards  system.  Other  Americans  will  be  enumerated  who  have 
served  on  Commissions  set  up  by  the  International  Labor  OflBce. 

6.  Aaland  Islands  Dispute.  When  the  dispute  between 
Sweden  and  Finland  with  reference  to  the  Aaland  Islands  came 
before  the  Council  of  the  League  in  1920,  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  was  asked  to  designate  an  American  who  might 
serve  on  the  Committee  of  Rapporteurs  to  devise  a settlement. 
Mr.  Abram  I.  Elkus,  formerly  judge  of  the  New  York  Court  of 
Appeals  and  formerly  Ambassador  to  Turkey,  was  designated 
and  accepted  the  Council’s  invitation.  The  final  report  of  this 
committee  was  presented  to  the  Council  in  June,  1921,  and  the 
dispute  was  settled  in  accordance  with  its  recommendations. 

7.  Upper  Silesia.  In  1921,  when  the  Council  undertook  to 
recommend  a boundary  line  between  Germany  and  Poland  in 
Upper  Silesia,  Mr.  David  Hunter  Miller,  of  New  York,  acted  as 
counsel  for  Germany  and  presented  a brief  on  the  German  position 
with  reference  to  the  application  of  certain  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  of  Versailles. 

8.  Memel  Dispute.  In  December,  1923,  Mr.  Norman  H. 
Davis,  of  New  York,  formerly  Under-Secretary  of  State,  was 
invited  by  the  Council  to  act  as  President  of  a commission  to 
report  on  a possible  solution  of  the  Memel  question.  Mr.  Davis 
was  assisted  by  Mr.  Arthur  Bullard,  of  New  York,  one  of  the 
editors  of  Our  World.  In  March,  1924,  the  Council  voted  to 
approve  the  conclusions  of  Mr.  Davis’  report,  and  this  action 
now  seems  to  have  led  to  a genuine  settlement  of  the  problem. 

9.  Brussels  Financial  Conference.  In  1920,  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  was  represented  at  the  International  Financial 
Conference  in  Brussels,  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  League. 
Mr.  Roland  W.  Boyden,  of  Boston,  unofficial  American  repre- 
sentative on  the  Reparations  Commission,  was  the  American 
delegate,  but  he  acted  “unoflBcially”.  He  was  assisted  by  Mr. 
Keith  McLeod  and  Colonel  R.  H.  Hess,  as  advisers,  and  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Shaw,  as  secretary. 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


13 


10.  Financial  Reconstruction  of  Austria.  Various  plans  have 
been  devised  for  the  relief  of  Austria.  The  Ter  Meulen  Bond 
Scheme,  devised  by  the  Council  on  lines  planned  by  the  Brussels 
Financial  Conference,  necessitated  a waiver  by  various  govern- 
ments of  their  claims  on  Austria.  Throughout  1921,  such  action 
was  urged  on  the  United  States.  It  was  finally  taken  on  April  6, 
1922,  by  a joint  resolution  of  Congress  authorizing  an  extension, 
for  a period  not  to  exceed  twenty-five  years,  of  the  time  of  payment 
of  Austria’s  debt  incurred  for  the  purchase  of  flour  and  releasing 
Austria’s  assets  pledged  for  the  payment  of  this  debt,  provided 
similar  action  should  be  taken  by  other  creditor  nations. 

Late  in  1922,  a different  plan  for  Austria’s  relief  was  adopted 
by  the  Council  of  the  League.  It  called  for  a guaranteed  loan 
to  Austria  of  about  $125,000,000,  of  which  $25,000,000  was  sub- 
scribed in  New  York,  although  the  United  States  was  not  one 
of  the  guaranteeing  states.  On  July  20,  1923,  the  Council 
appointed  as  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  loan,  Mr.  N.  J.  Jay,  director 
of  the  American  Morgan  Harjes  bank  in  Paris.  Mr.  Roland  W. 
Boyden  dechned  an  invitation  to  become  the  League’s  High 
Commissioner  in  Austria. 

11.  Financial  Reconstruction  of  Hungary.  Early  in  1924,  a 
plan  was  approved  by  the  Council  for  extending  aid  to  Hungary. 
Mr.  Jeremiah  Smith,  Jr.,  a prominent  financial  lawyer  of  Boston, 
was  appointed  High  Commissioner  for  the  League  of  Nations  in 
Hungary  after  Mr.  W.  P.  G.  Harding,  Governor  of  the  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  had  declined  the  appointment. 

12.  Financial  Committee.  Soon  after  the  Brussels  Financial 
Conference,  the  Council  of  the  League  set  up  a Financial  Com- 
mittee. Under  the  guidance  of  this  Committee,  an  investigation 
has  been  made  of  the  question  of  double  taxation  in  its  inter- 
national aspects.  Prof.  Edwin  R.  A.  Seligman,  of  Columbia 
University,  served  as  a member  of  a committee  of  experts  on  this 
question,  and  collaborated  in  the  report  presented  to  the  Council 
in  March,  1923. 

13.  Economic  Committee.  Carrying  out  a resolution  of  the 
Genoa  Conference  of  1922,  the  Economic  Committee  of  the 
League  of  Nations,  acting  with  the  International  Labor  Office 
and  the  International  Institute  of  Statistics,  set  up  a committee 
to  study  economic  statistical  questions.  Dr.  Royal  Meeker, 


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AVORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


of  Washington,  served  as  one  of  the  experts  who  planned  the 
work  of  this  committee.  Dr.  Meeker  had  previously  served  as  a 
member  of  a committee  invited  by  the  Council  in  1920  to  report 
on  possible  plans  for  the  organization  of  international  statistics. 

14.  Registration  of  Treaties.  The  Government  of  the  United 
States  has  not  sent  any  treaties  to  the  Secretary-General  of 
the  Leagne  for  registration.  But  many  American  treaties  have 
been  registered  and  published  in  the  League  of  Nations  Treaty 
Series,  at  the  request  of  the  governments  of  other  states  that 
are  parties.  For  instance,  Germany  though  not  a member  of  the 
League  registered  the  Treaty  of  August  25,  1921,  with  the  United 
States.  The  treaties  of  the  Washington  Conference  on  Limitation 
of  Armaments  were  promptly  registered  by  other  Powers. 

15.  International  Hydrographic  Bureau.  The  United  States 
Government  participates  in  the  work  of  this  Bureau,  and  con- 
tributes to  its  support.  In  October,  1921,  the  Bureau  was  placed 
under  the  direction  of  the  League  of  Nations  under  Article  24 
of  the  Covenant.  Vice-Admiral  Albert  P.  Niblack,  U.  S.  N., 
retired,  is  a member  of  the  directing  committee  of  this  Bureau. 

16.  Traffic  in  Arms.  The  Arms  Traffic  Convention  drawn 
up  at  St.  Germain  in  1919  was  signed  but  never  ratified  by  the 
United  States.  Many  other  Powers  conditioned  their  acceptance 
on  favorable  action  by  the  United  States,  so  that  the  x\merican 
refusal  to  ratify  has  practically  killed  this  Convention.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1924,  the  Temporary  Mixed  Commission  on  Reduction  of 
Armaments  met  in  Geneva  to  plan  for  a new  convention  on  the 
snbject.  The  United  States  was  officially  represented  at  this 
meeting  by  Mr.  Joseph  C.  Grew,  then  American  Minister  to 
Switzerland,  who  was  assisted  by  Captain  Alan  Winslow  of  the 
American  Legation  at  Berne.  Mr.  Grew  also  attended  the  later 
Conference  on  the  subject,  which  began  in  Paris  on  March  24, 1924. 

17.  Chemical  Warfare.  In  February,  1923,  the  Temporary 
Mixed  Commission  on  Reduction  of  Armaments  invited  experts 
in  various  countries,  particularly  countries  having  an  advanced 
chemical  industry,  to  collect  information  concerning  the  use  of 
asphyxiating  gas  in  war  and  its  effects.  Dr.  William  H.  Welch, 
Director  of  the  School  of  Hygiene  and  Pnblic  Health  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Dr.  Walter  B.  Cannon,  Professor  of  Physiol- 
ogy at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  Dr.  J.  E.  Zanetti,  of  the 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


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National  Research  Council,  collaborated  in  this  work.  Their 
reports  deal  with  the  future  possibihties  as  well  as  the  present 
status  of  chemical  and  bacteriological  warfare. 

18.  Transit  and  Communications.  The  first  Conference  on 
Transit  and  Commimications  met  at  Barcelona,  in  1921,  without 
any  American  participation.  But  at  the  second  Conference  in 
Geneva  in  November,  1923,  the  United  States  was  oflScially 
represented  by  an  observer,  Mr.  Lewis  W.  Haskell,  American 
consul  at  Geneva.  Mr.  Basil  Miles  also  attended  this  Conference 
as  assistant  delegate  of  the  International  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
of  which  he  was  American  Administrative  Commissioner. 

19.  Calendar  Reform.  The  Advisory  Committee  on  Com- 
munications and  Transit  has  undertaken  a study  of  various  pro- 
posals for  the  reform  of  the  Calendar,  and  has  set  up  a sub-com- 
mittee on  the  subject,  of  which  Mr.  Wilhs  H.  Booth,  of  New 
York,  President  of  the  International  Chamber  of  Commerce,  is 
a member.  The  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
has  recently  requested  representation  in  this  work. 

20.  Customs  Formalities.  The  United  States  was  officially 
represented  at  the  Conference  on  Customs  Formahties  in  Geneva, 
in  October,  1923,  by  an  observer,  Mr.  Lewis  W.  Haskell,  American 
consul  at  Geneva.  Mr.  HaskeU  was  accompanied  by  the  follow- 
ing experts:  Mr.  Henry  Chalmers,  of  Washington,  Chief  of  the 
division  of  foreign  tariffs  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic 
Commerce;  Mr.  Gilbert  Hirsch,  of  the  U.  S.  Tariff  Commission; 
Mr.  C.  B.  Wait,  Customs  Attache  at  London;  and  Mr.  H.  I. 
Worley,  of  the  U.  S.  Customs  Service.  Three  Americans  also 
represented  the  International  Chamber  of  Commerce:  Mr. 
Edgar  Carolan,  Vice-President  of  the  International  General 
Electric  Company,  and  Mr.  Edward  L.  Bacher  and  Mr.  Everit 
B.  Terhune  of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

21.  Obscene  Publications.  The  United  States  is  a party  to 
a treaty  of  May  4,  1910,  relating  to  the  repression  of  the  circulation 
of  obscene  publications.  A Conference  on  Obscene  Publications 
was  held  in  Geneva,  under  the  auspices  of  the  League  of  Nations, 
in  September,  1923,  to  supplement  this  treaty  with  a new  Con- 
vention. The  United  States  was  officially  represented  by  Mr. 
Alexander  R.  Magruder,  of  the  American  Legation  at  Berne, 
who  acted  in  a “consultative  capacity.”  The  United  States 


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has  not  yet  signed  the  new  treaty.  Mr.  Manley  O.  Hudson 
was  legal  adviser  to  the  Conference. 

22.  Intellectual  Cooperation.  The  Council  of  the  League  of 
Nations  organized  a Committee  on  Intellectual  Cooperation  in 
1922.  Prof.  George  Ellery  Hale,  of  California,  Director  of  the 
Mount  Wilson  Observatory,  accepted  an  invitation  to  member- 
ship, and  at  the  first  meeting  he  was  assisted  by  Prof.  Robert 
A.  MiUikan,  of  the  California  Technological  Institute,  winner 
of  the  Nobel  Prize  for  Physics  in  1923.  Mr.  Millikan  later 
succeeded  Mr.  Hale  as  a member  of  the  Committee.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  Committee  in  1923,  Col.  John  H.  Wigmore,  of 
Chicago,  Dean  of  the  Law  School  of  Northwestern  University, 
attended  as  Mr.  Millikan’s  substitute,  being  assisted  by  Prof. 
Paul  Perigord,  of  Los  Angeles.  Mr.  Millikan  was  replaced  at 
the  third  session  of  the  Committee,  in  December,  1923,  by  Dr. 
Waldo  G.  Leland,  of  the  Historical  Department  of  the  Carnegie 
Institution,  who  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Algernon  Coleman,  pro- 
fessor of  French  language  and  literature  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  and  Director  of  the  American  University  Union  in  Eu- 
rope. Dr.  Coleman  was  also  appointed  a member  of  the  Direct- 
ing Board  of  the  International  University  Information  Office, 
established  by  the  Committee  at  Geneva.  Prof.  Allyn  A.  Young, 
of  Harvard  University,  has  collaborated  with  the  Committee, 
by  making  a study  of  the  present  state  of  economic  science  in 
the  United  States  in  its  international  bearings.  Prof.  J.  R. 
Schramm,  of  Cornell  University,  is  a member  of  a sub-committee 
on  bibliography.  Miss  Florence  Wilson,  of  New  York,  is  a mem- 
ber of  a preparatory  committee  arranging  for  an  international 
Conference  on  bibliography. 

23.  Conference  on  Legal  Aid.  In  1923,  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Legal  Aid  Societies  sent  to  the  Secretary-General  of  the 
League  of  Nations,  through  Col.  John  H.  Wigmore  of  Chicago, 
a request  that  the  Council  of  the  League  call  an  international 
conference  of  agencies  furnishing  legal  aid  to  the  poor  in  various 
countries.  The  Norwegian  Government  placed  the  question 
before  the  Fourth  Assembly  of  the  League  which  decided  that 
the  question  should  be  placed  on  the  agenda  of  the  Fifth  Assembly 
in  1924,  and  directed  the  Secretary-General  to  prepare  a report. 
Experts  are  now  at  work  on  this  report,  among  them  Mr.  Reginald 


WOKLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


17 


Heber  Smith  of  the  Boston  bar,  Secretary  of  the  American  National 
Committee  on  Legal  Aid  Work  which  is  providing  certain  special 
funds  for  a conference  to  be  held  in  Geneva  in  July. 

24.  Traffic  in  Opium  and  Dangerous  Drugs.  The  United 
States  has  played  a leading  role  in  past  efforts  to  control  and 
restrict  the  traffic  in  opium  and  other  dangerous  drugs.  So 
that  in  spite  of  the  reservations  drawn  in  the  United  States  Senate 
in  November,  1919,  and  March,  1920,  which  would  have  precluded 
any  action  with  the  League  on  opium,  it  was  inevitable  that 
America  should  have  some  part  in  the  work  of  the  League  of 
Nations  in  this  field. 

In  1920,  the  Netherlands  Government  requested  the  League 
to  relieve  it  of  its  administrative  duties  under  the  Opium  Con- 
vention of  1912,  to  which  the  United  States  is  a party.  All  the 
signatories  consented  to  this,  including  Germany,  which  is  not 
a member  of  the  League,  except  the  United  States.  Though 
the  American  reply  opposed  the  transfer  of  functions,  an  arrange- 
ment was  made  by  which  the  League  Secretariat  performed  the 
duty  of  collecting  information  and  conducting  the  necessary 
correspondence,  but  with  the  proviso  that  all  communications 
to  or  from  the  United  States  should  pass  through  the  Netherlands 
Government.  The  United  States  has  received  questionnaires  and 
sent  its  replies  through  the  intermediary  of  the  Dutch  Government, 
while  all  other  parties  to  the  1912  Convention  have  corresponded 
directly  with  the  League. 

A permanent  advisory  committee  was  set  up  by  the  League  in 
1921,  and  the  United  States  was  invited  to  appoint  a represent- 
ative, but  the  invitation  was  not  accepted.  Mrs.  Hamilton 
Wright,  of  Washington,  became  assessor  to  the  Committee  and 
she  has  attended  every  meeting  it  has  held.  A new  invitation 
was  extended  to  the  American  Government  in  1922,  and  in  Jan- 
uary, 1923,  Dr.  Rupert  Blue,  formerly  Surgeon-General,  was  sent 
to  the  fourth  session  of  the  Committee  in  an  “unofficial  and 
consultative  capacity.”  In  May,  1923,  the  Department  of 
State  sent  a strong  delegation  to  attend  the  fifth  session  of  the 
Committee  in  an  “advisory  capacity”,  consisting  of  Mr.  Stephen 
G.  Porter,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  Bishop  Charles  H.  Brent,  of  Buffalo, 
and  Dr.  Rupert  Blue,  with  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Neville  of  the  Depart- 


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ment  of  State  as  adviser.  Mrs.  John  J.  Moorhead,  of  New  York, 
was  in  Geneva  during  this  session  of  the  Committee,  representing 
the  Foreign  Poliey  Assoeiation  of  New  York  and  other  Ameriean 
organizations. 

In  September,  1923,  by  special  invitation  the  American  del- 
egation returned  to  Geneva  to  consult  with  a committee  of  the 
Fourth  Assembly  in  its  consideration  of  the  report  of  the  Opium 
Committee,  and  the  Assembly  adopted  the  “American  program” 
which  had  been  presented  by  Mr.  Porter  in  June.  In  December, 
1923,  Mr.  Neville  was  named  by  the  Department  of  State  on  the 
preparatory  committee  to  arrange  the  program  for  the  Opium 
Conferences  to  be  held  in  November,  1924,  and  he  attended  the 
first  meetings  of  this  committee  held  in  Geneva  in  March  and  in 
Paris  in  April,  1924.  A bill  is  now  before  Congress  appropriating 
$40,000  for  American  representation  at  these  Conferences. 

Beginning  with  the  Senate  reservations  which  asserted  that 
opium  was  a domestic  concern  of  the  United  States  which  would 
not  be  submitted  to  any  action  of  the  League  “or  any  agency 
thereof”,  passing  through  the  period  when  Secretary  Hughes 
w^as  insisting  legalistically  that  the  United  States  could  only 
deal  with  the  Netherlands  Government,  we  have  at  last  arrived 
at  a stage  where  the  United  States  is  cooperating  with  the  League’s 
work  in  this  field  in  a frank  and  open  manner,  though  without 
adequate  status. 

25.  Traffic  in  Women.  The  Council  of  the  League  summoned 
an  international  Conference  in  Geneva,  in  July,  1921,  and  a new 
treaty  was  later  signed  to  supplement  the  treaties  of  1904  and 
1910  relating  to  the  white  slave  traffic.  Following  this  Con- 
ference, a Permanent  Advisory  Committee  on  Traffic  in  Women 
and  Children  was  set  up  and  the  United  States  was  invited  to 
appoint  a member.  In  March,  1923,  the  Department  of  State 
designated  Miss  Grace  Abbott,  Director  of  the  Children’s  Bureau, 
to  attend  a meeting  of  the  Committee  in  an  “advisory  and  con- 
sultative capacity.”  In  her  official  report  to  the  Secretary  of 
Labor  for  1923,  Miss  Abbott  gives  an  account  of  the  meeting, 
setting  out  the  resolutions  adopted,  and  emphasizing  the  value 
of  international  cooperation  in  this  field. 

In  July,  1923,  at  the  suggestion  of  this  Committee,  a number 
of  experts  were  invited  by  the  Council  to  conduct  an  enquiry 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


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into  the  extent  of  the  international  traffic  in  women  and  children. 
Dr.  Abraham  Flexner,  of  New  York,  author  of  a book  on  “Prostitu- 
tion in  Europe”,  accepted  an  invitation  to  serve  on  this  experts’ 
committee,  but  later  withdrew  on  account  of  his  health  and  was 
succeeded  by  Col.  William  F.  Snow  of  New  York.  Major  Bas- 
com  Johnson,  of  the  Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene,  Inc.,  of  New  York, 
has  also  been  appointed  assessor  on  this  same  committee.  The 
Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene  has  appropriated  $75,000  toward  the 
cost  of  this  investigation. 

26.  Deportation  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  Near  East. 
In  1921,  the  Council  set  up  a Commission  of  Enquiry  to  investi- 
gate the  deportation  of  women  and  children  in  Turkey.  This 
Committee  was  subsequently  known  as  the  Committee  for  the 
Protection  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  Near  East.  Its  reports 
were  presented  to  the  second,  third  and  fourth  Assemblies.  On 
the  nomination  of  the  presidents  of  Robert  College,  Constantinople 
College  and  the  American  Mission  at  Constantinople,  Miss  Emma 
D.  Cushman  was  named  a member  of  this  Committee. 

27.  Russian  Refugees.  Dr.  Nansen  of  Norway  has  served  for 
several  years  as  the  League’s  High  Commissioner  for  Relief  of 
Refugees.  He  set  up  a Committee  in  connection  with  the  evacua- 
tion of  the  Russian  Refugees  in  Constantinople,  on  which  there 
were  two  Americans;  Major  C.  Claflin  Davis,  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Ringland  of  the  American  Relief  Administra- 
tion. Both  of  these  organizations  cooperated  with  Dr.  Nansen 
in  various  aspects  of  his  work,  as  did  also  the  Disaster  Relief 
Committee  set  up  by  Admiral  Mark  L.  Bristol,  the  American  High 
Commissioner  at  Constantinople.  Dr.  Nansen’s  reports  on  his 
work  on  behalf  of  Russian  refugees,  in  1922  and  1923,  speak  in 
warm  praise  of  the  American  cooperation. 

28.  Greek  Refugees.  In  June,  1923,  the  Financial  Committee 
of  the  League  attempted  to  devise  some  plan  for  a loan  for  the 
relief  of  the  Greek  refugees  who  were  impoverished  by  the  Smyrna 
disaster  and  the  events  that  followed  it.  It  was  assisted  in  its 
deliberations  by  Mr.  Fred  C.  Dolbeare,  of  the  American  Delega- 
tion to  the  Lausanne  Conference.  The  matter  was  later  con- 
sidered by  the  Council,  with  the  assistance  of  Col.  James  A.  Logan, 
unofficial  representative  of  the  United  States  on  the  Reparation 
Commission.  In  September,  1923,  the  Council  decided  to  estab- 


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lish  a Refugees  Settlement  Commission  to  promote  the  establish- 
ment of  Greek  refugees  in  productive  work  in  Greece.  Mr.  Henry 
Morgenthau  of  New  York,  formerly  American  Ambassador  at 
Constantinople,  was  made  President  of  this  Commission  by  the 
Council,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Near  East  Relief,  and  has  been 
engaged  in  the  work  since  the  fall  of  1923.  In  April,  1924,  Mr. 
Morgenthau  appeared  before  the  Council  in  connection  with 
th  is  work. 

29.  Emigration.  In  August,  1921,  the  International  Emigra- 
tion Committee  set  up  by  the  Governing  Body  of  the  Inter- 
national Labor  Office  held  its  first  meeting  in  Geneva.  It  had 
been  announced  that  the  United  States  would  be  represented 
by  Mr.  Rowland  B.  Mahany  of  the  Department  of  Labor.  Later, 
the  International  Labor  Office  was  informed  that  Mr.  Robert 
Tod,  Commissioner  of  Immigration  at  the  Port  of  New  York, 
would  represent  the  United  States,  but  the  announcement  was 
afterward  withdrawn.  Representatives  were  present  from  several 
non-governmental  organizations,  including  the  Y.M.C.A.,  the 
Y.W.C.A.,  represented  by  Miss  Ruth  Crawford,  and  the  Na- 
tional Catholic  Welfare  Council.  The  Commission  was  also 
supplied  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  with  a full 
answer  to  a questionnaire.  In  February,  1922,  Mr.  Fred  C. 
Croxton,  of  Ohio,  was  named  by  the  Commissioner-General  of 
Immigration  as  an  American  expert  on  an  advisory  committee 
to  assist  the  International  Labor  Office  in  its  work  on  emigration. 

30.  Health.  In  no  field  has  American  cooperation  been  more 
extensive  than  in  the  field  of  international  health  work.  Before 
the  War,  the  United  States  was  a party  to  the  International 
Sanitary  Conventions  of  1903  and  1905,  as  well  as  to  the  Arrange- 
ment of  1907  for  establishing  the  International  Office  of  Public 
Health.  This  Office  has  not  worked  satisfactorily.  When  it  was 
proposed  in  1921  to  transfer  its  functions  to  a new  Health  Organ- 
ization to  be  set  up  by  the  League  of  Nations,  the  United  States 
blocked  the  proposal.  But  again  the  formalities  were  tran- 
scended, and  in  1923,  a plan  was  agreed  upon  for  close  collabora- 
tion between  the  Office  and  the  League’s  Health  Organization. 

An  International  Health  Conference  met  in  April,  1920,  at 
the  request  of  the  Council  to  draw  up  proposals  for  a permanent 
health  organization  under  the  League.  Dr.  Rupert  Blue,  for- 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


21 


merly  Surgeon-General  of  the  U.  S.  Public  Health  Service,  and 
Dr.  Richard  P.  Strong,  Director  of  the  League  of  Red  Cross  Soci- 
eties, participated  in  this  Conference.  A Provisional  Health  Com- 
mittee was  set  up  by  the  Council  in  1921.  Dr.  C.-E.  A.  Winslow, 
of  the  Yale  Medical  School,  represented  the  League  of  Red  Cross 
Societies  on  this  Committee  in  its  earlier  stages.  Dr.  Hugh  S. 
Cumming  of  Washington,  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Public  Health 
Service,  and  Dr.  Josephine  Baker,  of  New  York,  became  members 
of  the  Provisional  Health  Committee  in  1922.  Dr.  Cumming 
had  an  important  share  in  its  work,  serving  on  a special  com- 
mittee on  the  establishment  of  the  Permanent  Health  Organiza- 
tion of  the  League,  and  on  a sub-committee  on  inspection  of 
vessels  in  ports. 

In  February,  1924,  the  Permanent  Health  Committee  held 
its  first  meeting.  Dr.  Cumming  was  made  a Vice-President, 
and  Dr.  Alice  Hamilton,  of  Chicago,  professor  of  industrial  medi- 
cine at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  was  nominated  a member 
of  the  Committee.  Dr.  William  H.  Welch,  of  Baltimore,  was 
named  a member  of  a sub-committee  on  education  in  hygiene 
and  social  medicine.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Dr.  Cumming  acts 
on  this  committee  in  his  official  capacity,  since  he  officially  re- 
presents the  United  States  on  the  International  Office  of  Public 
Health  which  named  him  on  the  Permanent  Health  Committee. 

In  1922,  the  International  Health  Board  of  the  Rockefeller 
Foundation  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Health  Organization 
of  the  League,  $32,840  a year  for  five  years  for  the  establishment 
of  an  epidemiological  intelhgence  service,  and  $60,080  a year 
for  three  years  for  an  international  exchange  of  public  health 
personnel.  In  1923,  further  grants  were  made  by  the  same  Board, 
grants  of  $10,500  for  1923  and  $21,000  for  1924,  to  be  used  to 
enlist  the  cooperation  of  health  statisticians.  As  a consequence 
of  these  grants,  the  Epidemiological  Reports  of  the  Health  Section 
are  published  weekly  and  monthly  and  are  now  widely  distributed. 
Special  reports  are  also  published  from  time  to  time.  Six 
interchanges  of  public  health  personnel  have  also  taken  place. 
Two  American  doctors  took  part  in  the  second  of  these  collective 
interchanges,  which  took  place  in  England  and  Austria  in  the 
spring  of  1923.  Mr.  Selskar  M.  Gunn,  of  the  Rockefeller  Founda- 
tion, took  part  in  the  final  conference  of  the  delegates  in  London 


22 


WOKLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


on  April  10,  1923.  Upon  the  invitation  of  the  Public  Health  Ser- 
vice of  the  United  States,  the  third  collective  interchange,  which 
began  in  September  1923,  took  place  in  America.  In  the  summer 
of  1923,  specialists  from  various  countries  including  the  United 
States,  studied  the  methods  of  fighting  malaria  in  Italy.  In 
September  1923,  there  was  also  an  interchange  of  bacteriologists 
and  laboratory  assistants  in  which  an  American  participated. 

In  January,  1923,  the  Provisional  Health  Committee  and  the 
Russian  health  authorities  made  an  arrangement  for  a test  as 
to  the  reliability  of  intestinal  vaccination.  The  experiments 
were  begun  in  May,  1923.  Dr.  Hans  Zinsser,  professor  of  Bac- 
teriology and  Immunology  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  spent 
some  months  in  Russia  assisting  in  this  work  as  the  epidemics 
commissioner  of  the  Provisional  Health  Committee. 

In  1923,  a mission  of  enquiry  in  the  Far  East  was  undertaken 
by  the  Chief  Commissioner  of  the  Health  Section;  he  was  ac- 
companied during  a part  of  his  trip  by  Dr.  Howard  F.  Smith  of 
Manila,  who  was  designated  for  this  purpose  by  the  Public  Health 
Service  of  the  United  States. 

31.  Conference  on  Sera  and  Serological  Tests.  In  December 
1921,  the  Health  Organization  of  the  League  of  Nations  held  a 
preliminary  Conference  in  London  on  the  Standardization  of 
Sera  and  Serological  Tests;  the  state  Health  and  Serological 
Institutes  of  eleven  countries  were  represented,  among  them 
the  United  States,  represented  by  Surgeon-General  Rupert  Blue. 
A program  of  enquiry  and  research  was  drawn  up,  to  be  carried 
out  by  different  laboratories,  including  the  Hygienic  Laboratory, 
United  States  Public  Health  Service,  and  centralized  in  the 
Copenhagen  Serological  Institute. 

In  September  1922,  a meeting  of  a sub-committee  on  anti- 
tetanus and  anti-diphtheria  sera  was  held  at  Geneva,  attended 
by  representatives  of  the  State  epidemiological  laboratories  of 
Denmark,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Japan,  Russia 
and  the  United  States.  Dr.  George  W.  McCoy,  director  of  the  Hy- 
gienic Laboratory  in  Washington,  was  the  American  representa- 
tive. In  November  1922,  a second  general  Conference  was  held 
at  the  Pasteur  Institute  in  Paris  to  examine  the  results  of  the 
work  on  anti-pneumococcus  and  anti-dysentery  sera  as  well  as  the 
sero-diagnosis  of  syphilis,  and  to  adopt  a further  program  of 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


23 


research.  At  this  conference  also,  there  was  an  American  repre- 
sentative, Dr.  Wadsworth,  representing  the  Rockefeller  Institute. 
In  November,  1923,  there  was  a meeting  at  Copenhagen  of  repre- 
sentatives from  the  various  State  Serological  Institutes  that  had 
been  engaged  in  this  work  from  the  beginning.  Dr.  C.  Armstrong 
and  Dr.  R.  E.  Dyer  of  the  Hygienic  Laboratory,  United  States 
Pubhc  Health  Service,  Washington,  were  participants  in  this 
conference. 

32.  Conference  on  Standardization  of  Biological  Remedies.  A 
Conference  on  Standardization  of  Biological  Remedies  was  held 
at  Edinburgh  from  July  19  to  21,  1923.  The  Provisional  Health 
Committee  of  the  League  of  Nations  had  invited  prominent 
pharmacologists  to  attend.  Prof.  John  J.  Abel,  of  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  Medical  School,  and  Dr.  Carl  Voegtlin  of  the 
Hygienic  Laboratory  in  Washington,  D.C.,  were  present  and 
participated  in  the  work  of  the  Conference. 

33.  Anthrax  Committee.  This  Committee  was  set  up  by  the 
Governing  Body  of  the  International  Labor  Office,  in  1920,  in 
pursuance  of  action  taken  at  the  Washington  session  of  the  Inter- 
national Labor  Conference.  In  October,  1921,  the  United  States 
officially  appointed  Dr.  Marion  Dorset,  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  serve  as  a member 
of  the  committee  in  an  “unofficial  and  consultative”  capacity. 

34.  Industrial  Hygiene.  An  Advisory  Committee  on  Indus- 
trial Hygiene  was  set  up  by  the  Governing  Body  of  the  Inter- 
national Labor  Office  in  1921,  its  members  to  serve  the  Office 
as  expert  advisers.  Dr.  Alice  Hamilton,  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  is  a member  of  this  committee. 

35.  Mandates.  The  United  States  took  no  part  in  the  work 
of  the  Council  of  the  League  of  Nations  in  drawing  up  the  man- 
dates under  which  various  Powers  are  to  administer  the  territories 
transferred  by  Germany  at  the  end  of  the  war.  On  February  21, 
1921,  Secretary  Bainbridge  Colby  sent  a protest  to  the  Council 
against  its  approval  of  the  Japanese  mandates  for  islands  in  the 
north  Pacific  ocean.  The  Council  thereupon  invited  the  United 
States  to  send  representatives  to  participate  in  a consideration 
of  the  subject,  but  this  invitation  was  not  answered.  After  the 
mandates  were  issued,  the  United  States  entered  into  treaties 
with  certain  of  the  Mandatory  Powers  recognizing  certain  man- 


24 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


dates  and  securing  the  benefits  of  certain  of  their  provisions  for 
the  United  States  and  its  nationals,  “notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  the  United  States  is  not  a member  of  the  League.”  Such  a 
treaty  was  made  with  Japan  with  reference  to  the  mandate  for 
the  former  German  Islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  north  of  the 
equator,  particularly  the  island  of  Yap,  on  February  11,  1922. 
This  treaty  requires  Japan  to  send  to  the  United  States  duplicates 
of  its  reports  to  the  Council  of  the  League  of  Nations.  Two 
similar  treaties  were  signed  with  France,  on  February  13,  1923, 
relating  to  the  mandates  for  Togoland  and  the  Cameroons.  A 
similar  treaty  also  was  signed  with  Belgium  on  April  18,  1923, 
with  an  amendatory  protocol  signed  January  21,  1924,  relating 
to  the  mandate  for  Ruanda-Urundi.  The  Senate  consented  to 
the  ratification  of  these  French  and  Belgian  treaties  on  March  3, 
1924.  A similar  treaty  was  signed  with  France,  on  April  4,  1924, 
relating  to  the  mandate  for  Syria  and  Lebanon.  The  United 
States  thus  becomes,  in  a sense,  a party  to  the  whole  mandate 
system,  in  spite  of  not  being  a party  to  Article  22  of  the  Covenant, 
but  without  any  share  in  its  administration. 

The  Permanent  Mandates  Commission  of  the  League  was 
organized  in  1921.  Mr.  W.  Cameron  Forbes,  of  Boston,  formerly 
Governor-General  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  was  invited  to  become 
a member  but  declined. 

36.  Expenses  of  the  League  and  the  International  Court.  No 
part  of  the  expense  of  the  League  of  Nations  or  of  the  International 
Labor  Organization  or  of  the  Permanent  Court  of  International 
Justice  has  been  paid  by  the  United  States.  Although  the 
United  States  took  a leading  role  in  the  efforts  to  establish  an 
international  Court  during  the  administrations  of  Presidents 
McKinley,  Roosevelt,  Taft  and  Wilson,  we  have  borne  no  share 
of  the  expense  of  establishing  the  new  Permanent  Court  of  Inter- 
national Justice.  Judge  John  Bassett  Moore’s  salary  as  a judge 
is  paid  by  fifty -four  other  peoples  of  the  world — no  part  of  it 
comes  from  America.  In  only  one  instance  has  the  United 
States  paid  any  money  to  the  League.  On  September  28,  1923, 
the  Foreign  Minister  of  the  Netherlands  transmitted  to  the 
Secretary-General  350  Swiss  francs,  paid  by  the  United  States 
as  a part  payment  for  the  services  of  interpreters  and  stenog- 
raphers lent  by  the  Secretariat  to  the  Commission  of  Jurists 


WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


25 


for  the  Revision  of  the  Laws  of  War  which  had  met  at  The  Hague 
in  pursuance  of  the  decision  taken  at  the  Washington  Conference 
in  1922. 

37.  Publications  of  the  League,  the  International  Court  and 
the  International  Labor  Office,  The  World  Peace  Foundation,  40 
Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass.,  acts  as  American  agent  in 
handling  all  publications  of  the  League  of  Nations,  the  Permanent 
Court  of  International  Justice  and  the  International  Labor  Office. 
In  1923  and  1924  the  American  Society  of  International  Law  spent 
$7,000  in  purchasing  500  subscriptions  to  the  League  of  Nations 
Treaty  Series,  for  distribution  among  needy  libraries. 

This  record  leaves  one  wondering  as  to  the  extent  to  which 
America  is  really  out  of  the  League,  whether  indeed  it  is  possible 
for  any  important  country  to  live  in  the  world  and  be  wholly 
out  of  the  efforts  of  fifty-four  peoples  to  organize  for  peace.  For 
like  the  United  States,  Germany  and  Russia  and  Turkey  have 
all  been  cooperating  in  some  degree.  Only  Mexico  and  Ecuador 
remain  wholly  aloof. 

The  American  cooperation  has  not  been  the  work  of  individuals , 
altogether.  The  Government  has  contributed,  in  increasing 
measure.  For  a time,  in  1921,  the  Department  of  State  did  not 
reply  to  any  communications  from  Geneva.  Then  it  suddenly 
reversed  this  policy  in  August  of  that  year  and  wrote  fourteen 
letters  to  the  League  on  a single  day.  For  a period,  however,  it 
was  unwilling  to  do  more  than  be  polite;  during  this  period  it 
took  the  position,  described  above,  with  reference  to  the  Opium 
work  and  the  Health  work  of  the  League.  Gradually,  however, 
it  has  relented  to  the  pressure  of  the  facts.  In  the  last  seven 
months,  the  United  States  Government  has  been  officially  rep- 
resented at  five  international  conferences  held  in  Geneva  by  the 
League  of  Nations.  These  are:  (1)  Conference  on  Obscene 
Publications;  (2)  Consultation  on  Opium  Traffic;  (3)  Conference 
on  Customs  Formalities;  (4)  Conference  on  Transit  and  Com- 
munications; and  (5)  Consultation  on  a new  Arms  Traffic  Con- 
vention. The  fagade  of  representation  in  an  “unofficial  and 
consultative  capacity”  does  not  hide  the  reality  of  such  action. 
The  United  States  is  not  in  the  League,  but  it  is  necessarily  of 
it.  The  Government  has  not  become  a member,  but  scores  of 
Americans  have  joined. 


26 


AVORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


But  the  inadequacy  of  such  collaboration  is  apparent.  In 
certain  large  crises,  such  as  the  Corfu  crisis,  the  voice  of  America 
has  not  been  heard  at  all.  When  our  representatives  do  speak, 
their  words  do  not  carry  full  weight.  They  appear  as  onlookers 
rather  than  participants.  They  sit  apart  and  they  are  usually 
men  of  inferior  official  rank. 

It  would  be  a simple  thing  for  the  United  States  to  avow  an 
open,  frank,  and  firm  policy  of  effective  cooperation.  President 
Coolidge’s  declaration  concerning  the  League  on  December  6, 
1923,  “We  hope  it  will  be  helpful,”  represents  a big  advance 
over  the  declarations,  made  at  times  by  men  in  high  places,  that 
“the  League  is  dead.”  If  we  can’t  at  once  seek  membership 
for  America  on  reservations  consistent  with  our  national  fears 
and  fads,  we  can  at  least  come  out  from  our  hiding  and  avow 
what  we  are  already  doing.  Attempts  at  isolation  have  failed. 
The  President’s  statement  about  the  League  should  be  revised 
to  read:  “We  shall  do  our  best  to  make  it  helpful.” 


OTiodb  ^peace  Jfoiinbation  J^ampblets; 

[Vol.  I-Vol.  VI,  No.  2,  issued  under  the  title  “League  of  Nations”] 


Vol.  I,  1917  and  1918 

1.  What  We  Are  Fighting  For. 

Milestones  of  Half  a Century;  What  Presidents  and  Congress  have  done^o  bring 
about  a League  of  Nations. 

Books  on  the  War  and  the  Peace. 

2.  The  Nationality  Map  of  Europe.  By  Leon  Dominian. 

Language  map  of  Europe;  Selected  List  of  Books. 

3.  War  Aims  of  Belligerents  as  elicited  by  Russia’s  Attempts  to  Secure  a 

General  Peace. 

4.  Background  of  the  War.  History  and  Texts. 

A.  The  Triple  Alliance;  Russia’s  “reinsurance”  treaty  with  Germany. 

B.  The  Triple  Entente  and  its  Friends. 

Appendix:  Texts  of  the  Treaties. 

5.  Monroe  Doctrine  After  the  War.  By  George  Grafton  Wilson,  professor  of 

international  law,  Harvard  University. 

European  Background  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

American  Statements  of  Policy. 

6.  German  Attempts  to  Divide  Belgium.  Bj'  Carl  Lotus  Becker,  professor  of 

modern  European  history,  Cornell  University. 

7.  The  Supreme  War  Council. 

I ntroduction:  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council  and  other  affiliated  bodies. 

I,  Purpose  and  Meaning;  II,  Difficulties  Overcome;  III,  Proceedings  of  Interallied 
Conference;  IV,  Statements  of  Policy. 

8.  Japan,  America  and  the  Great  War.  By  Payson  Jackson  Treat,  professor  of 

history,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 

Vol.  II,  1919 

1.  Great  Britain,  America  and  Democracy.  By  Ephraim  Douglass  Adams, 

professor  of  history,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 

Anglo-American  Relations.  By  Justice  Benjamin  Russell. 

2.  Joint  Debate  on  the  Covenant  of  Paris.  By  Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge  and 

A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  President  of  Harvard  University. 

3.  The  Covenanter.  Letters  on  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations.  By 

William  Howard  Taft,  George  W.Wickersham,  A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  Henry  W.  Taft, 
Special  Number.  China,  the  United  States  and  the  War.  By  Kenneth  Scott 
Latourette,  professor  of  history,  Denison  University. 

Chino-Japanese  Negotiations,  1915-1918. 

Shantung  and  its  Status. 

4.  Latin  America  and  the  War.  By  Percy  Alvin  Martin,  associate  professor  of 

history,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 

5.  Labor.  Part  XIII  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Germany. 

6.  Constitution  of  the  German  Commonwealth. 

Special  Number.  The  Conciliation  Plan  of  the  League  of  Nations  with  Ameri- 
can Treaties  in  Force.  By  Denys  P.  Myers. 

Special  Number.  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Germany. 

I,  Official  Summary  of  the  Text  presented  to  the  German  Delegates  by  the  Allied 
and  Associated  Powers,  Versailles,  May  7,  1919.  II,  Covenant  of  the  League  of 
Nations.  Ill,  Resolution  of  Indorsement. 


Vol.  Ill,  1920 

1—2.  Three  Months  of  the  League  of  Nations.  (Double  number.) 

3.  Swiss  Commentary  on  the  Covenant. 

Why  the  Republic  voted  to  join  the  League,  as  set  forth  in  the  message  of  the 
Federal  Council  to  the  Federal  Assembly. 

Special  Number.  The  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

4.  United  States  Senate  and  the  Treaty. 

A record  of  all  votes,  those  of  the  Bitter-enders  specially  indicated. 

Special  Number.  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice.  Draft  Scheme  for 
the  Institution  of  the  Court. 

5.  Report  of  the  International  Financial  Conference. 

Held  at  Brussels,  September  24  to  October  8,  1920,  under  the  auspices  of  the  League 
of  Nations. 

6.  Work  of  the  Council. 

Report  of  the  Secretary-General  to  the  First  Assembly  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

Vol.  IV,  1921 

1.  The  First  Assembly  of  the  League  of  Nations.  (Double  number.) 

2.  “The  Staggering  Burden  of  Armament.”  I. 

Statistical  examination  of  the  cost  of  war;  new  implements  and  the  horrors  they  por- 
tend: American  responsibility ; value  of  battleships  in  modern  warfare;  purposes  of 
American  naval  policy;  disarmament  of  ex-enemy  powers;  practical  solutions. 

3.  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice.  Protocol  of  Signatures,  Op- 

tional Clause,  and  Statute.  Judges  of  the  Court. 

4.  “The  Staggering  Burden  of  Armament.”  II. 

What  America  has  spent  for  war  and  peace;  previous  plans  for  limitation. 

5.  Washington  Agreement  on  Capital  Ships.  Disarmament  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

Unfortified  Frontiers. 

6.  The  Myth  of  American  Isolation.  Our  policy  of  international  co-operation. 
By  Pitman  B.  Potter,  assistant  professor  of  political  science.  University  of  Wis- 
consin. 

Vol.  V,  1922-1923 

1.  Reparation.  Part  I.  Damage  and  Payments. 

2.  Reparation.  Part  II.  Policies  and  Economics  of  Payments. 

3.  Reparation.  Part  III.  Financial  Aspects. 

4.  Handbook  on  the  League  of  Nations,  1920-1923. 

5.  America  and  the  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice. 

6.  American  Addresses.  By  Lord  Robert  Cecil. 

Vol.  VI,  1923 

1.  The  World  Court.  By  Warren  G.  Harding,  Charles  Evans  Hughes,  John  H. 

Clarke,  Herbert  Hoover,  Edward  M.  House. 

2.  Postwar  Political  Alignments. 

3.  The  Corfu  Crisis.  The  Council  of  the  League  of  Nations  and  Corfu.  By 

A.  Lawrence  Lowell.  How  the  League  of  Nations  Met  the  Corfu  Crisis.  By  Man- 
ley  O.  Hudson.  Documents. 

4.  Reparation.  Part  IV.  Proposals  for  Settlement. 

5.  Reparation.  Part  V.  The  Dawes  Report. 

6.  Work  of  the  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice. 

By  Manley  O.  Hudson. 

Vol.  VII,  1924 

1.  American  Co-operation  with  the  League  of  Nations.  By  Manley  O.  Hudson. 

2.  Hearings  on  the  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice. 

3-4.  Handbook  on  the  League  of  Nations,  1920-1924.  (Double  number.) 


